tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism

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Please try again in a few minutes. Cloudflare Ray ID 7d6717494b6e0dfb • Your IP • Performance & security by Cloudflare The main purpose of this study is to analyze the elements of aboriginal tourism development, and provide other tribe in reference to the development of tourism. In this study, the Huanshan tribe as objects, at Taichung City, Taiwan, and qualitative research method are used. After analysis, this study has the following findings 1. Huanshan tribe retains the characteristics of aboriginal culture, plus surrounded by high mountains and natural ecological resources, is to attract tourists to visit the main reason. 2. Tribe in the tourist service, providing tourist accommodation and catering, and there are other complementary tourism resources for tourists use or watch. 3. Aboriginal tribes must create culture imagery with traditional architecture and enhance clean environment, guidance and billboard facilities to provide tourists a different experience. 4. Tribal residents held a positive attitude towards tourism development support, and to the friendly reception outside tourists. 5. Tribal external transport and communication facilities, and with other local tourism resources integration, became a tourist attraction in the region. According to the results of the above analysis, this study provides not only the direction of the other tribal tourism development planning, but also to make recommendations for future tribal researchers on the study. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue146 A Study of Indigenous Tribe Tourism Planning and Developing– Case by Huanshan in Taiwan Dr. Pro. Hsiao-Ming Chang, Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, Chienkuo Technology University, Taiwan Associate Pro. Li-Chu Chang Liao, Corresponding Author, Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chung Chou University of Sciences and Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to analyze the elements of aboriginal tourism development, and provide other tribe in reference to the development of tourism. In this study, the Huanshan tribe as objects, at Taichung City, Taiwan, and qualitative research method are used. After analysis, this study has the following findings 1. Huanshan tribe retains the characteristics of aboriginal culture, plus surrounded by high mountains and natural ecological resources, is to attract tourists to visit the main reason. 2. Tribe in the tourist service, providing tourist accommodation and catering, and there are other complementary tourism resources for tourists use or watch. 3. Aboriginal tribes must create culture imagery with traditional architecture and enhance clean environment, guidance and billboard facilities to provide tourists a different experience. 4. Tribal residents held a positive attitude towards tourism development support, and to the friendly reception outside tourists. 5. Tribal external transport and communication facilities, and with other local tourism resources integration, became a tourist attraction in the region. According to the results of the above analysis, this study provides not only the direction of the other tribal tourism development planning, but also to make recommendations for future tribal researchers on the study. Keywords Indigenous tourism, tribe tourism, tourism development, planning, Huanshan. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the rapid development of tourism industry in Taiwan, plus holiday Taiwanese culture flourishing tourism and leisure, people gradually form from the visit to attractions, transformed into depth travel forms. Especially indigenous tribes rich with ethnic characteristics of the cultural resources, especially some remote tribe has retained many of the traditional building, social systems, handicrafts, and ritual, which for people living in the city, the formation of a strong attraction. Chang and Liao 2009 pointed out that the indigenous culture is an important indicator of tourism products reflect based the aboriginal tourism regions indigenous always as the main content of goods, has become a new type of economic sources. Hinch and Butler 1989 pointed out that the indigenous tourism means the indigenous people directly involved in the operation of the tourism industry or the tourism industry as a way to attract tourists to come to the aboriginal culture. Indigenous tribes in Taiwan in recent years started to transform tourism development, however, the adequacy of the elements of the tourism development? And when many tourists into the tribe, whether for tribal peoples to bring about positive and negative impact? As Taiwan's indigenous tribes have hundreds, the study of each tribe has its own characteristics, but The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue 147some tribes are the reason has ceased to exist due to natural disasters. Some tribes have special names, for example, in 1980-2000 years, there are "village of widows," said the Huanshan tribe. Why is called "Widow's Village"? Mainly some of the tribe and many indigenous men go out to work when the fishing boat crew died due to shipwreck, and some construction workers are safe when the incident and died, some due to drinking drunk roadside and freeze death, and some chronic alcoholics with liver cirrhosis died, so that the village adult men high mortality rate. Because women work outside the home but fewer widows and thus also shows particularly high. But after the government counseling and assist, residents began to engage in tourism services, and therefore male mortality is also reduced. While the depth of indigenous tourism in Taiwan is an important tourist attraction, but the development so far, but there have been many difficulties, for example, some tribes oppose the development of tourism; tourism development that some tribes are inadequate conditions, resulting in the development of tourism service quality is poor emergence situation. Huanshan tribe in the development of tourism, but it is steady growth, has become one of the main sources of income, so Huanshan factors tribe's tourism development, tourism development can provide other tribe reference. Purpose of this study is to analyze the main tourist attractive force indigenous tribes, and to analyze the development of tourism for indigenous tribes brought positive and negative impact, hoping to provide other indigenous tribes in the development of a reference for tourism. LITERATURE REVIEW Element of Tourism Development Tourism areas have the basic features includes attraction, service, transportation, information, and promotion Blank, 1989; Gunn & Var, 2002; Kao, 1995. The development of tourism areas must have a lot of incentives to attract tourists, these incentives is to influence the key to the success of the tourism areas, that is, the so-called critical success factors CSF industry or individual enterprise organization operating the successful development of the prerequisites, success critical success factors of the tourism region business development can be summarized into seven categories Kao, 1995 a. attraction; b. catering accommodation of hospitality services; c. complementary leisure facilities; d. enhance appearance and services; e. local residents and communities, f. bridge link between the building and the travelers; g. regional integration. Khadarooa and Seetanah 2008 analyzed 28 countries, 1990-2000 transport infrastructure to attract tourists in the decision to choose the destination elements. The results showed that transport infrastructure is an important decision factor tourist. Chang, Chang, and Wu 2013 studied found essential to the success of the development of the aboriginal tribes’ tourism 1. Tribes need to have the height to attract tourist’s attractions. 2. Has characteristics and culture of the aboriginal. 3. Providing accommodation and hospitably services. 4. Holiday implementation of a number of tourist controls, in order to reduce the negative impact on the local. Tribes should adopt the way of "co-operation" to promote human harmonious family, to achieve the purpose of co-existence and sustainable management. 5. Should have complementary leisure facilities, and the integration of local tourism resources to meet the needs of tourists. 6. Friendly attitude of residents. 7. Tribes to establish channels of communication with the outside world. 8. Effective integration of regional tourism resources and planning. The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue148 Tourism Impacts Most studies encourage the development and promotion of tourism, which is believed to bring various advantages and profits to the local development Lankford & Howard, 1994. A study on Jeju Island, Korea Ko & Stewart, 2002, showed that tourism development has positive impacts on economy, which includes the improvement of investment, development and infrastructure, the increase of employment opportunities, contribution to the local income and therefore the increase of the town’s tax revenue. As for the impacts on the social and cultural aspects, it can enhance living quality, promote the efficacy of entertainment and pleasure facilities, advance the community/cultural understanding, demand for historical and cultural exhibits, facilitate various cultural activities, and elevate the quality of police force and fire protection. The impacts on environment include the preservation of environment, the increase of community popularity or image, and improvement of the living utilities and public facilities. However, the native effects of tourism cannot be overlooked. However, the native effects of tourism cannot be overlooked. As Huang and Stewart 1996 pointed out that it changes the inter-relationship between local residents, tourists and communities and possibly causes negative impacts on the living quality of the local residents. The negative impacts on economy presents in the unfairly increased real estate cost and property taxes, the increased living cost and the price of goods and services. For the negative impacts on the social and cultural aspects, it increases traffic accidents, the rate of vandalism, the occurrence of gambling or illegal games, and possibly the increase of exploitation of local natives. The negative environmental impacts, on the other hand, include the damage of natural environment and landscape; destroy of local ecosystem, and the environmental pollution, such as litter, water, air, and noise Lankford & Howard, 1994. Research in aboriginal tribes, Chen and Kuo 2008 studied the Wutai Township, Pingtung County aboriginal feelings tourism impact, found that respondents generally hold positive attitudes towards more for the tourism impact of feelings, and to enhance the local visibility, improve public facilities","to help communities interact more closely", as well as to increase employment opportunities" part of the higher degree of recognition "visiting friends and relatives a financial burden caused by rising prices projects and reduce the population exodus "than lower recognition. Social Exchange Theory The social exchange theory is frequently employed in the study of the local residents’ attitudes toward tourism development Ap, 1992. And Leonard's study pointed out, residents the cognitive and views for tourism developing; they will affect the attitude of local tourism development Leonard, 2008. The gist is to explicate that the interaction between individuals is an exchange behavior in nature and while people conduct this action, they take into consideration the involved profits and rewards. That is to say, during the exchange process, an individual will examine the benefits in their interaction behaviors with others, and if they cannot obtain satisfactory profits and rewards, exchange behaviors are regarded unnecessary. In tourism, supportive attitudes of local residents are considered as willing to conduct exchange behaviors. Nevertheless, their attitude relies on their recognition and evaluation of tourism. If they understand that the rewards and impacts are stronger than the cost, they will present positive attitude toward tourism. In contrast, if the negative impact of the higher, the residents that they would be less willingness to accept tourism development, and even take the attitude of passive resistance. Tourism development study also confirmed the attitude of social exchange theory valid interpretation of the residents of tourism development. The majority of residents believe that tourism would have a positive impact, but also have a negative impact, especially for residents not engaged in the tourism industry, will hold the cold-shoulder treatment attitude tourism development Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004. The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue 149METHODOLOGY Overview of the study area Heping District, located in the northeast corner of Taichung City, covers an extensive area of square kilometers of peace, is the city's most twenty-nine vast area of the first region, a total of equality, the Lishan, the fraternity, the sheave, the situation in the South , in the pit, freedom, the concept of waiting for up to eight years. East Forest Hills Central Mountain Lake, north of Snow Mountains, south of Acacia Hill, Dayuling surrounded by mountains and across the valley from Tachia River them into complete natural boundaries. Special geographical conditions in this area, north of the Snow Mountains, south of Acacia Hill, Yu Ling, mountains retaining ring Tachia River valley, mountains, forests throughout, the unique charm of the magnificent mountains and landscape in Taiwan, more famous, known as Oriental Switzerland reputation. Therefore, the abundant tourism resources and the fruits and vegetables rich in alpine farm in this area have become the two most important economic lifelines. Heping District, famous tourist attractions are Guguan spa area, Lishan, Wuling Farm, Fushoushan Farm, Heavenly Lake, Snowy Mountains, Baxianshan Forest Recreation Area, the highway landscape, but there are regional specialties Sweet persimmon, pear, apple, peach, pear mountain cabbage, cabbage, bamboo shoots etc, mountain vegetables such as fresh sweet Taichung peaceful district office location, 2013. Huanshan Tribe Statuses For this study, the statuses of the tribe are set as described below Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples Portal, 2013. Table 1 Introduction of Huanshan Tribe Status Tribe characteristics The Huanshan Sqoyaw tribe is surrounded by hills, surrounded by tribes. Location Pingdeng Village, Heping District, Taichung City Range Tribal Eagle's Nest in the east Central Mountain, northeast side has Nanhu Mountain, and on the west Snowy Mountains. Geographic environment Basin. The tribe located altitude of about seventeen hundred meters to two thousand six hundred meters between. Race Atayal Language Atayal Language, Pekingese Religious belief True Jesus Church, Catholocism, Atayal traditional belief Tribe Origin Atayal tribe is one of the mountains, because the tribes are surrounded by hills around, so to "around mountains" call it. Legend has it that their ancestors lived in Pinsbkan now Nantou County Fat Village. In the Japanese colonial period, Japan is called here was "Sqoayaw" means "happy street", we can see that the residents living in the mountains tribe has free and open-minded personality. Mountains tribe is the largest branch in the tribal cross Ilan. Agricultural products Peach, Apple, Persimmon Pear, and Cabbage Huanshan tribe currently number about 500 peoples, most of the young people to work in the cities, tribes are mostly elderly, women and children. Data Collection Methods This study used qualitative method, the first document analysis, gathering relevant information. Mainly collect about Huanshan introduced by the internet, and again to collect reports of government tourism brochures and tourism magazines, as well as academic research papers. Second-step was The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue150 interviews with local B & B owner, shop and residents, and also interviews the tourists go to the ground at the time, in order to increase the credibility of the data. In addition, researchers and field visits to various attractions, in order to understand the contents of the authenticity of the interview. Interview Manuscripts In this study, interview manuscript mainly based on the elements for tourism development Blank, 1989; Gunn & Var, 2002; Kao, 1995, tourism impact theory, and social exchange theory Ap, 1992; Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004. Interview outlines seven topics, including Chang, Chang, & Wu, 2013 1. Will the major local leisure and tourism to attract tourists to come to those are the main attractions? 2. Will local catering, accommodation and travel services are those? 3. Complementary leisure facilities for local links with the main attractions are those? 4. Will the local in the development of the tourist areas, the government and residents how to strengthen local appearance? 5. The local residents for tourism the degree of support for that? Other tourists to come to the local tourism, for the community as well as residents of the tourism industry are not engaged in positive and negative impact? 6. Interactive channel of communication between the local tourism industry and tourists have those? 7. Will the local government and local tourism industry in the development of tourism process how the integration of the region? Data Analysis Methods 1. In this study, after the end of the interview, the first order based on interviews with respondents, the interview data processing and analysis. 2. Would be converted interview transcripts researchers in interviews after the gradual completion of the written interview transcripts, based on detailed interviews with draft record interviews, omissions, etc., as a follow-up data analysis checklist purposes. 3. Classification and Coding. 4. Induction will be classified and coded information. 5. Cases illustrate the analysis for each concept or phenomenon of induction. 6. Summarize and analyze data after finishing, the researchers discuss, modify, sorting out the analytical framework and the fact that the results presented in this study the final conclusions and recommendations. Reliability and Validity for Interview Data 1. In the interview, the investigator will be based on research questions, purpose, first prepare a trial basis, according to interviews and engage in interviews, in order to understand the appropriateness of interviews with key. Secondly, the respondents' willingness to place and interviews, this study will be considered. 2. In this study, in an interview, the full interview by the investigator himself, and according to this study, interviews outline to guide the respondents by the researcher, in a relaxed manner chat interviews. 3. End of the interview, immediately after finishing recording and cross-matching. After the data to determine the correct classification, analysis, in addition to co-researcher discussions, and went to the place of tourists discussions, to avoid to be subjective. The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue 151RESULTS Attraction A. Atayal Traditional Weaving Craft In Huanshan tribes still maintain the tradition of weaving craft special skills, for Atayal women, weaving craft is better assess the quality of the social status of women in the key. Atayal women's weaving craft common is used to carry the baby linen, no buttons men shirt, women apron, blankets, straps, etc., and these weaving craft but also the male and female youth in marriage when necessary gifts and dowry, its blending with more meaning and Atayal people's lives are closely related to culture. B. Sqoyaw Jhihjiayang Mountain Sqoyaw Zhijiayang Mountain is famous mountain in Taiwan, but also one of Taiwan's 100 Peaks, ranked 50. Sqoyaw Mountain up to 3289 meters, snow-capped mountains are administrative divisions belong to Taichung City. Sqoyaw Mountain south closed with Dajian Mountain, and north connection with Snow Mountain East Peak. C. Fish Trial Tours Huanshan tribe and is also with the Shei-Pa National Park administration going to closure Creek activities aimed at restoring Sihjielan Greek varicorhinus barbatulus shelter in order to gradually increase their number, so that more tourists can learn the beauty of this fish ecology. Catering Accommodation of Hospitality Services Huanshan tribe in providing tourist accommodation, mainly tribal people run B & B, churches and Mazu temple Han Chin Temple. According to residents interviewed said that most of the tourists to the tribe lived, the main purpose is to engage in mountaineering activities. Tribe does not provide dining restaurant in tourist accommodation for tourists is provided by B & B, as for tourists to visit the tribe, the tribe is a few snack stands serves meals. Another tribe living alone, and did not like the city's nightlife, only karaoke ok and barbecue stalls, but most are tribal residents in the consumer, because the climbers in the morning 200 to 300 on the way climbing up. Complementary Leisure Facilities A. Tribe Festival Huanshan tribe also retains primitive tribe pace of life and the way native this section lets ethnic people so far in the New Year remains fixed each year held the traditional "Ancestral Spiritual Sacrifice" and "Feng Nian Ji" celebration. B. Religious Resources Huanshan tribe there are four churches, namely Christ Presbyterian Church, Sabbath Church, True Jesus Church, the Catholic Church, tribes to Christ Church Presbyterian Church and the Sabbath based. Also nearby are a Mazu temple Han Chin Temple, believers in the mountains of the Han Chinese based. Enhance appearance and service Strengthen tribal style and services, with the help of the government, residents of the tribal entrance image of the shape, as well as the construction of a wooden observation deck with arch doors, and tribal design logo. Another set of indicators in the tribal wooden to guide tourists travel moving direction, and understand the whole tribe situation. After entering the tribe, you can see the statue of aboriginal hunting, columns, and frescoes depicting aboriginal life situations, as well as signs and other tribal map. Another The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue152 tribal resident will also have to be original Atayal building repair and retention, but also to maintain the buildings occupied by the Japanese era, so that tourists understand the changing times tribe. Tribes also strengthened to improve the overall health of the living environment and beautify the tribal environment for tourists to have a good visual experience when they visit the tribes. Currently tribes have established community development associations, tribal development planning, as well as to protect the interests of residents, tourists and provide services. Local Residents and Community In this study, interviews Snow Mountain B & B operators, she is the founder of the Museum Ms. Dabasih Nuogan Chinese name Jhan Siou-Mei, the Atayal Last Princess granddaughter, and B & B itself is Atayal Museum. Museum B & B of the building, there are two intact stone houses and barns Atayal, old photos, traditional costumes, weaving machines, hunting bows and pounding rice. She mentioned that it was her grandmother's collection grew to complete retain the traditional Atayal culture is unique cultural assets. Tribal people interviewed mentioned "Our tribe is the main farming mainly due to the prevalence of mountaineering activities and counseling through the government, tribal and some residents from home please founded by the B & B, providing accommodation and transport to the climbers service. " Most tourists come to our tribe, are mainly engaged in mountaineering activities, so stay with us. Before the Provincial Highway No VIII not broken, many tourists would come by to visit our tribe and buy our produce; especially here still retain the characteristics of the Atayal woven handicrafts. Because tourists directly buy our produce, we can direct a higher salary, no longer through the acquisition of agricultural production and marketing classes. But now highway did not fix, originally from the central region of Taichung City, tourists to our tribe about two hours, but now need to detour from the Puli Township, Nantou County to tribal needs six hours, and therefore it is now tribal tourists less. Community Bridge Link between the Building and the Tourist Complete construction of public infrastructure currently tribe water, electricity, communications, networking, health clinics, etc., but in health care, if the tribal people suffering from serious diseases, is still to be forwarded to the Yilan County, Nantou County, or Taichung City medical well-equipped hospital. Huanshan tribe located at Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 7A line is outside the main road, to the north can be reached Yilan County; south Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 8 pick line can be reached Hualien, Taiwan or Highway No. 14A Line it is possible to arrive in Nantou. Due to the current line of the Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 8 in Chinsan section break, unable to connect Taichung City, so the tribe external traffic is not very convenient. Regional integration Integration in the region, A Huanshan tribe located in the Tri-Mountain National Scenic Area Lion,s Head, Lishan, and Baguashan of Lishan Scenic, and there closed the Shei-Pa National Park . The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue 153DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTION Discussion In the attraction, due to social and cultural change, aboriginal traditional culture gradually disappearing, being replaced by modernization, but Huanshan tribe retains the characteristics of aboriginal culture, is one of the main tribes in attracting tourists to visit. In a related study of tribal tourism, are found tourists to tribe, the main reason are to enjoy life with their daily lives in different environments, and experience the culture of indigenous peoples Chang & Liao, 2009; Hinch & Butler, 1989. In the study of tribal tourism in Taiwan, also found aboriginal culture is to attract tourists to visit the main reason the tribe Chang, Chang & Wu, 2013; Huang, 2013. Because around Huanshan tribe's surrounded mountains, in recent years, coupled with the growing trend of Taiwan climbing, mountain climbing 3000m, while the target for people to challenge themselves. In a related tribe study, also found that the use of geographical advantages, the development of mountaineering adventure tourism activities in the service, is also a major factor in attracting tourists to the tribal stay or accommodation Lin & Chang, 2013; Huang, 2013. Due to Taiwan indigenous tribes mostly in the mountains, while Huanshan tribe altitude of nearly 2000m, plus few human developments, and therefore maintain good natural ecological resources, is also one of the reasons to attract tourists to visit the tribe. However, in the provision of tourist services tribes, in addition to improving basic public facilities, the provision of accommodation for tourists as well as dining is necessary because it is essential for the development of tourism Blank, 1989; Gunn & Var, 2002; Kao, 1995. Found in tribal health, simple medical facilities serious illness or injury still outgoing city in the present study, water, electricity, communication has been available. And provide a place to stay for tourists have B & B, church, and temple, which is relatively rare in other tribes, because there are church, and temple offers tourists accommodation. In complementary leisure facilities, tribal nightlife entertainment provided less, only karaoke ok and grill it for tourist use, but the study found that most of the tourists in order to live in tribes are climbing, so are tribal residents use more. Tribes will be held annually during the New Year celebrations, thanks to a year to harvest agriculture, and pray for a good harvest next year again. Huanshan tribe more special places that not only the local church, there are Han Chinese temples, providing tourists to watch and pray. During an interview tribal peoples found that residents hold positive support for tourism development attitude, because tourism contribute to the economic development of the tribe, and marketing of agricultural products. In addition, they also think that the traditional tribal culture can allow outside tourists to enjoy, but also a way to save the culture. The results of this study, as well as Chen and Kuo 2008 research indicates when the tribe for tourism development has a positive effect, the same people will certainly tourism development point of view. In addition the study also found that tribal residents think outside the tribe does not give tourists a negative benefit, and they have expressed their friendly attitude can be received outside tourists. From the viewpoint of social exchange theory, when people think of the positive benefits of tourism development is higher than the negative effects brought about when, and cognitive development of local tourism for help, they will be receptive to tourism development Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004 Leonard, 2008, the results of this study also verified theoretical viewpoint. In the development of tourism, transportation is the most important factor Khadarooa & Seetanah, 2008, Huanshan tribe located at Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 7 A, although external transport The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue154 facilities, and with other local tourism resources integration become a tourist attraction within the region, but currently Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 8 in Chensan section road interrupted unable to link with Lishan, it’s the tribe to develop a disadvantage. Residents also generally responses to this section if not connected, local tourism and produce to transport will be a negative impact, such as reducing the number of tourists in recent years in the weekdays. SUGGESTION According to the findings of this study, after discussion and analysis, the following recommendations 1. Current the Taiwan Provincial Highway No. 8 is still a disruption, although Taiwan Power Company's Chensan sidewalk opens to Lishan and Guguan local residents access, but is only open three times a day, and not open to visitors, and the whole tourism development moving lines blocked. Therefore, this study suggested that government departments to deal with the local into the environment assessment, identify areas does not affect the local ecology, alternative road for the construction of 921 before the earthquake recovery and Lishan area off Valley tour moving lines. 2. Although Huanshan overall shape with tribal imagery are currently well-planned, but the tribe is not clear indicators of the road, so the first time to tribal people, tribal not a clear understanding of the direction of travel. Therefore recommended that tribal administration, guidelines should be clearly marked roads within the tribe, in order to facilitate tourists visiting the tribe knows how trends. 3. In this study, although the specific interviews with local tribal residents, shops and B & B operators, while also interviews with tourists, but tourists are not many aspects of the interview data. Therefore, for subsequent studies, suggest researchers may interview in the local tourist accommodation and mountain climbing, specifically about their satisfaction with the services for tribal tourism situation. REFERENCES Ap, J. 1992. Residents, perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 194, 665-690. Blank, U. 1989. The community tourism imperative. Stage College, PA Venture. Chang, Hsiao-Ming, Chang, Cheng-Fun & Wu, Cheng-Lung. 2013. Aboriginal tribal tourism development critical success factors-Case by Smangus in Taiwan. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 77, 1361-1367. Chang, J. & Liao, Yu-Hsin. 2009. Community Perspectives of attitudes of residents and entrepreneurs. Journal of Hospitality and Home Economics, 64, 327-352,. 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The Journal of International Management Studies, Volume 9 Number 1, February, 2014 issue 155Khadarooa, J., & Seetanah, B. 2008. The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, 29, 831-840. Ko, Dong-Wan. & Stewart, W. P. 2002. A structure equation model of residents, attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23, 521-530. Lankford, S. V. & Howard, D. R. 1994. Developing a tourism impacts attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 211, 121-139. Ching-Hui, Lin., & Hsiao-Ming, Chang 2013. Indigenous Tribe Tourism Development Critical Success Factors – Case by Bokiu in Tai wa n. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 83, 1072-1078. Leonard, A. J. 2008. Residents' perceptions of the impacts of special event tourism. Journal of Place Management and Development, 13, 240. Taichung Heping district office location, Retrieved May 1, 2013. from Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples Portal 2013. Tribes Introduction- Squoyaw. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from ... Slow tourism is an emerging concept that promotes a quality, meaningful and engaging experience which explores locations at a slower pace and in a manner, that supports the local and cultural environment Dickinson & Lumsdon, 2010. Moreover, indigenous tourism development, in addition to attraction and cultural characteristics, the tribe to provide food, beverage and accommodation services; provide complementary and recreational facilities to meet the needs of tourists; integration of local tourism resources, a suite of travel products Chang, Chang, & Wu, 2013;Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; convenient external transportation Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; the tribe residents can friendly welcome outside visitors, and for the development of tourism has a positive attitude Chang & Chang Liao, 2014;Lin & Chang, 2013. ...... Slow tourism is an emerging concept that promotes a quality, meaningful and engaging experience which explores locations at a slower pace and in a manner, that supports the local and cultural environment Dickinson & Lumsdon, 2010. Moreover, indigenous tourism development, in addition to attraction and cultural characteristics, the tribe to provide food, beverage and accommodation services; provide complementary and recreational facilities to meet the needs of tourists; integration of local tourism resources, a suite of travel products Chang, Chang, & Wu, 2013;Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; convenient external transportation Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; the tribe residents can friendly welcome outside visitors, and for the development of tourism has a positive attitude Chang & Chang Liao, 2014;Lin & Chang, 2013. ...... Slow tourism is an emerging concept that promotes a quality, meaningful and engaging experience which explores locations at a slower pace and in a manner, that supports the local and cultural environment Dickinson & Lumsdon, 2010. Moreover, indigenous tourism development, in addition to attraction and cultural characteristics, the tribe to provide food, beverage and accommodation services; provide complementary and recreational facilities to meet the needs of tourists; integration of local tourism resources, a suite of travel products Chang, Chang, & Wu, 2013;Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; convenient external transportation Chang & Chang Liao, 2014; the tribe residents can friendly welcome outside visitors, and for the development of tourism has a positive attitude Chang & Chang Liao, 2014;Lin & Chang, 2013. ... Ahsan Ul HaqThe tourism industry has faced an accelerated growth with holistic support from local communities who are involved directly and indirectly in this industry. Local residents' support is essential to ensure long-term success in tourism development, and without the support of the local community it is impossible to sustain tourism at any destination. Indigenous tourism can make substantial contribution to marginalized communities in developing countries like India. Tribal tourism is also a type of indigenous tourism concerned with a tribal community culture, especially its arts. The current study provided an insight about the historical background of Gujjar-Bakarwal tribe and their perception regarding tourism. Exploratory factor analysis EFA was carried out to explore the factors influencing the perception of community residents towards the impact of tourism development in tribal destinations; descriptive statistics was used to study the perception of community residents. Findings from data analysis identified three factors which explained of the total variance. The result of the study revealed that the economic impact as the most imperative factor followed by social impact and environmental impact. The result of the study signifies that the Destination Community view tourism positively and agreed that tourism has a great potential to benefit their community in terms of employment opportunities, improvement in standard of living and in enhancement of economic situation of their tribe. However, they also acknowledged the negative impact of tourism on ecological environment of the destination.... Tourism development caused by the positive social and cultural impact, the most important is "proud of self culture" [1] [12] [17] [18] ", "cultural recovery" [1] [11], "the continuation of culture and preservation" [2] [13] [19], "different cultural understanding" [11], "let the outsiders to understand the aboriginal culture" [2] [18] [20], "between the tribe people can work together"[1] [11], "tribal people interact more closely", and "increased leisure facilities and entertainment opportunities" and "enhance local visibility"[1] [18]. In the aspect of negative social and cultural impact, the most important is "traditional culture gradually disappear" [16] [21], "the lack of authenticity of culture" [16], "the devolution of culture" [11] [16], " the tribe people interaction reduce and cause conflict" [11], "the attitude of the people turn to the utilitarian, traditional values change" [11], "the traditional activities and ritual become to commercialism" and "life interfere by outsiders", "outsiders do not respect aboriginal cultural life" and "low quality handicrafts, appear to forgery or non local cultural products" [16] [21]. ...... Tourism development caused by the positive social and cultural impact, the most important is "proud of self culture" [1] [12] [17] [18] ", "cultural recovery" [1] [11], "the continuation of culture and preservation" [2] [13] [19], "different cultural understanding" [11], "let the outsiders to understand the aboriginal culture" [2] [18] [20], "between the tribe people can work together"[1] [11], "tribal people interact more closely", and "increased leisure facilities and entertainment opportunities" and "enhance local visibility"[1] [18]. In the aspect of negative social and cultural impact, the most important is "traditional culture gradually disappear" [16] [21], "the lack of authenticity of culture" [16], "the devolution of culture" [11] [16], " the tribe people interaction reduce and cause conflict" [11], "the attitude of the people turn to the utilitarian, traditional values change" [11], "the traditional activities and ritual become to commercialism" and "life interfere by outsiders", "outsiders do not respect aboriginal cultural life" and "low quality handicrafts, appear to forgery or non local cultural products" [16] [21]. ...... Tourism development caused by the positive environmental impact, the most important is "the wild animal and plant habitat protected" [22] [23], "environmental awareness raising" [24], "environment and natural resources protected" [24], "tribal community beautification appearance are improved" [2] [3] [16], "external traffic are improved" [3] [24]. In the aspect of negative environmental impact, the main "noise increase" [24], "leading community became overcrowded" [24], "traffic congestion", "environmental pollution" [24], "garbage increase" [24], "the destruction of natural resources" [25], "community tribe improper development" [11]. ...Chiu-Hui HungMeen-Tsai WuThe purpose of this study is to analyze the residents' dependence on the tourism industry, their perceptions of tourism impact, and the influence of tourism development supports attitude. This study takes Taiwan Alishan eight tribes aged over 18 indigenous people as the research object, carries on the investigation to the tribes of the proportion of households, a total of 776 valid questionnaires were collected. The effective questionnaires were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test and one-way ANOVA, the results as follow as 1. The tourism impacts on the tribe, with a negative impact on the environment is the highest, but also brought a positive social and culture impact. family members of the respondents did not work in the tourism industry, they are higher in the perception of tourism impact and development support attitude. Based on the above findings, this study not only provides some suggestions for the development of indigenous tribes, but also proposes the direction for the development of tourism planning.... Some visitors arrive to enjoy ecological tourism and mountain climbing, which are local attraction factors. The findings of this study are consistent with the previously mentioned key operation success factors for tribal tourism in Taiwan indigenous culture [12,13] and natural resources [14,15] are the main attractions for the visitors. Regarding promotion, after the implementation of weekend holidays in Taiwan, in -depth tribal and ecological tourism became popular, and some TV news and variety shows have been based on the Wutai tribe. ...... Regarding services, grocery stores are available, guesthouses provide accommodations, and street vendors sell traditional indigenous food and BBQ. In the process of indigenous peoples' tourism development, the most critical is the support of local residents and their respect for the visitors [14,15]. ... Hsiao-Ming ChangCheng-Lung WuThis study applied qualitative research to explore the model of tribal tourism industrial development of Wutai Township in Pingtung. According to the analytical results, the main attractions of tribal tourism are indigenous peoples’ culture, natural resources, and convenient transportation. This study also included the promotion and tourism information of governmental sectors and tribal organizations, as well as hospitality services offered by the tribes. The key of tribal tourism is the cooperation of the indigenous peoples, and their tolerance and respect for the visitors.... However, due to the impact of modern life, traditional tribal culture has been influenced. In addition, the difficulty of traditional life and obstacles to finding jobs have resulted in the outward migration of tribes [1] [2]. ...... It aimed to explore indigenous people's perceived positive and negative economic, environmental, and sociocultural impact on the tribes resulting from tourism development. The design of the sub-scales was based on the tourism impact towards tribes' research [1] [2] [3] [22] [23]. Part 2 of the questionnaire was a scale on the quality of life of indigenous tribes and included 34 items and seven factors sense of tribe, maintenance of na-Open Journal of Applied Sciences ture and culture, public facilities, taxation and subsidy, economic power, public security, and tribal life. ... Hsiao-Ming ChangThe purpose of this study was aimed to analyze the effect of indigenous people’s perceived impact of tourism development on tribal quality of life and the support attitude toward tourism development. The research subjects were indigenous people who were at least 20 years old and came from one of eight Alishan tribes in Taiwan. This study conducted an investigation by random sampling, a total of 850 questionnaires were distributed and obtained 827 valid questionnaires. The valid return rate was Statistical analysis was performed on the valid questionnaires using descriptive statistics and partial least squares PLS. According to the analytical result, Alishan indigenous people feel the negative environmental impact brought by tourism is the highest, but in terms of quality of life, they also maintain of nature and culture. When the positive economic, environmental, and sociocultural impact of tourism is higher, tribal quality of life and indigenous people’s support attitude toward tourism development will be more significant; however, when the negative economic, environmental, and sociocultural tourism impact is higher, tribal quality of life will be lower and indigenous people will tend to resist tourism development. Quality of life was found to be a moderator between tourism impact and support attitude toward development. This study proposed suggestions for indigenous tribes and the government to develop the tourism sector and introduced specific research directions for future tribal tourism researchers.... If there is no proper treatment and relevant legal guidance, it will certainly affect the overall industrial development of the indigenous hot spring areas in the future [6].In addition, there is a more serious problem. Since almost half of the indigenous population live in the metropolitan areas, the tribes only have the elderly and young children on weekdays, which also makes the inheritance of tribal culture and economic development in a dilemma[7] [8]. Because the need for management talents is the key to the development of indigenous industries, but the aging of the tribal population and the economic depression make the young people have to go out to work for food and clothing. ...... But under the impact of modern life, the traditional culture of the tribe is getting affected. The the traditional life is not easy, and the employment is difficult, therefore resulting in the outflow of the tribal population [1,2]. There are 16 indigenous communities in Taiwan, with a population of about 530,000. ...... In addition, the study found that the residents who depended on tourism not only had a positive attitude toward tourism development, but their levels of satisfaction were higher than those who did not depend on tourism [32]. Besculides, Lee and McCormick have pointed out that social and economic factors, such as community attachment, living in a region for a long time and economic dependence on tourism, will affect residents' perceptions and attitudes toward tourism development [33]. Andereck, Valentine, Knopf and Vogt studied residents of a community in Arizona who felt that tourism development had a positive impact because they perceived economic development, increased employment opportunities and local tax. ... Sanjukta BanikMalay MukhopadhyayIndigenous people of a community, having a wealth of rich culture and traditions, should be involved in tourism as owners and not just as service providers. This can be fulfilled by the development of Community Based Tourism CBT which aims to involve the host community in planning and maintaining tourism development on their own, to cater to the development of the community directly. The present study tries to explore potentiality and limitations in the development of CBT in the drought-prone and poverty-stricken area of Ayodhya Hills of Purulia. In achieving this objective, the use of the hybrid method SWOT and AHP analysis was considered, which gives a picture of the strength, weakness, opportunity and the threat of the tourism industry of this region. The use of AHP with SWOT is done in this paper to yield analytically-determined priorities for the factors included in SWOT analysis and make them commensurable, thereby giving them the required weightage in the strategic planning process of the CBT. The priorities comparison of the SWOT group with the help of AHP Analytical Hierarchical Process, reveal that the strengths and opportunities overweight threats and weaknesses; therefore the area is well suited for CBT. The results are utilized in the strategy formulation and evaluation process using the TOWS matrix. With strategic planning and initiation the development of CBT can go a long way in providing a supplementary source of income and livelihood and help to revive in the community members a sense of pride for their culture and environment. Hsiao-Ming ChangThe main purpose of this study was to analyze the critical success factors CSF indigenous tribes to develop tourism, and elements of tourism development. Qualitative investigation was used, and object as a case study by Bokiu tribe in Nantou County, Taiwan. After analysis of the information obtained, the study found essential to the success of the development of the indigenous tribes tourism 1. Bokiu tribe fully utilized to develop the neighboring alpine mountaineering adventure tourism products to attract tourists to become engaged in mountaineering tribe main attraction. 2. Bokiu tribe has provided food, lodging, tourism and related services, in line with the basic requirements of tourism development and tourism resources combined with neighboring regions to provide complementally recreation services. 3. Bokiu tribe has constructed homepage interact with tourists, and to develop life conventions, improve the overall cleanliness of the tribe and health, shape tourists form a good environment. 4. Effective integration tribal residents jointly develop tourism and to achieve a common purpose of survival. Based on the finding, this studies not only recommendations for tribal operations, and also the follow-up study to the reference direction. Nancy E. ChesworthPlease note this "article" is not an article. It's a book review. The book is now out of print. You may be able to find one in a library or on an online book service. Best study tests the structural equation model between residents’ perceived tourism impacts and attitudes toward host community. The model consisted of five latent constructs and nine path hypotheses and is based upon 732 mailback questionnaires returned by residents of Cheju Island, Korea, a major domestic tourism destination. It was found that residents’ community satisfaction’ was closely related to perceived positive’ and perceived negative’ tourism impacts. These constructs were directly causing attitudes toward additional tourism development’. But the hypothesized path relationships between personal benefits from tourism development’ and the constructs of perceived negative tourism impacts’ and overall community satisfaction’ were rejected. In conclusion, community satisfaction was influenced by perception of tourism impacts, and may be useful in planning for additional tourism Huang William StewartCommunity solidarity is considered a definitive quality of many rural towns and one that could be dramatically influenced by accommodating tourism development. Previous research indicates that tourism brings people from different cultural backgrounds into a community. In this exploratory study, evidence indicates that tourism development changes residents' relationships to one another and to their community. Five propositions are discussed concerning the impacts of rural tourism community diversification, delineation of social boundaries, conformity to an ideal town image, shared image as a source of bond ing, and a shifting basis of community A. JacksonPurpose The purpose of this research was to explore residents' perceptions of special event tourism at a destination. Specifically, the research examined residents' perceptions of the social, economic and environmental impacts of special event tourism on the destination. The study also examined dimensions of community life that were impacted or curtailed as a result of event tourism. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by means of a telephone survey. The survey solicited residents' perceptions of the social, economic, and environmental impacts of special event tourism. The study was exploratory and followed a descriptive design. Findings Residents are generally in favor of events that contribute socially and economically to the destination. They are, however, not ambivalent to some of the negative impacts, but are willing to cope with these negative impacts as long as the perceived benefits exceed the negative impacts. Research limitations/implications Although the sample was adequate for statistical analysis, a larger sample size would yield more generalizable results. Consequently, caution should be used in making generalizations based on this study. Practical implications The constant question faced by destination managers and tourism development authorities is how to plan for optimal tourism development, while at the same time minimize the impact of this development on the resident population. One approach is to monitor residents' opinions of perceived impacts as a means of incorporating community reaction into tourism planning and development. Hence, this study proposes an all inclusive community‐centric approach to event tourism policy making rather than a top‐down approach. Originality/value Both practitioners and educators will benefit from the results of this study as it provides insight into a destination's residents' perceptions of special event tourism. This topic has received little attention in the GursoyDenney G. RutherfordDrawing from current literature, a theoretical tourism support model with a series of hypotheses was proposed. The model and the hypotheses were tested by utilizing a two-stage structural equation modeling approach. The findings of this study revealed that the host community backing for tourism development is affected directly and/or indirectly by nine determinants of residents’ support the level of community concern, ecocentric values, utilization of tourism resource base, community attachment, the state of the local economy, economic benefits, social benefits, social costs, and cultural benefits. Further, results indicated that there are interactions among five dimensions of impacts. The proposed model explained the majority of the attitudes de la communauté d’accueil envers le tourisme un modèle structurel amélioré. En se basant sur la littérature récente, on a proposé un modèle théorique de soutien de tourisme comprenant une série d’hypothèses. Le modèle et les hypothèses ont été mis à l’épreuve en utilisant une approche de modelage d’équation structurelle à deux stades. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que le soutien par la communauté d’accueil du développement du tourisme est influé directement et/ou indirectement par neuf déterminants du soutien des habitants niveau d’intérêt de la communauté, valeurs écologiques, utilisation de la base de ressources pour le tourisme, attachement de la communauté, état de l’économie locale, bénéfices économiques, bénéfices sociaux, coûts sociaux et bénéfices culturels. En plus, les résultats ont indiqué qu’il y a des interactions parmi les cinq dimensions des impacts. Le modèle proposé a expliqué la plus grande partie de la V. LankfordDennis R. HowardA multiple item tourism impact attitude scale TIAS was developed in response to the need for standardized measurement of resident attitudes toward tourism development. The scale development process and testing of the scale is described in this paper. The tourism impact literature cites a number of key independent variables that influence attitudes toward tourism. Using the TIAS, a multiple regression model was used to test the effects of these independent variables on resident attitudes toward tourism development in the Columbia River Gorge region of Oregon and Washington, USA. Implications for tourism development and planning are développement d'une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme. Une échelle des attitudes envers l'impact du tourisme, comprenant plusieurs points, a été développé en réponse au besoin d'un mesurage standardisé des attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme. On décrit le processus pour développer l'échelle et sa mise à l'essai. La documentation sur l'impact du tourisme présente plusieurs variables indépendantes importantes qui influencent les attitudes. Avec l'aide de l'échelle, on analyse, par un modéle de régression multiple, les effets de ces variables indépendants sur les attitudes des habitants envers le développement du tourisme dans la région de la Gorge du Columbia, dans les états d'Orégon et Washington, USA. On discute les implications pour le développement et la plantification du tourisme. John ApThe limited explanatory research on residents' perceptions of tourism impacts has resulted in an underdeveloped theoretical orientation of research on this subject. This paper presents a social exchange process model as a theoretical basis for some understanding of why residents perceive tourism impacts positively or negatively. The model is based upon the concept of the exchange relation. Propositions are derived from the model to test the relationships between the model's components. These propositions have been developed from inferences based upon the social exchange perceptions des habitants vis-á-vis des impacts dûs au tourisme. Peu de recherches explicatives ont été faites sur les perceptions des habitants vis-á-vis des impacts du tourisme, et cela a abouti au sousdéveloppement de la base théorique de la recherche sur ce sujet. Cet article propose un modéle de processus d'échange social pour permettre de comprendre pourquio les habitants d'un site touristique percoivent les impacts du tourisme de façon négative ou positive. Le modéle s'appuie sur le concept de la relation d'échange. Des propositions sont formulées pour tester les relations entre les composants du modéle. Ces propositions ont été fondées sur la littérature des échanges employ a gravity framework to evaluate the importance of transport infrastructure in determining the tourism attractiveness of destinations. The analysis is based on a panel data set of bilateral tourism flows among 28 countries over the decade 1990–2000. We find that, on top of tourism infrastructure and other classical determinants, transport infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourism inflows into a destination. Disaggregated continent-wise analysis reveals that the sensitiveness of tourism flows to transport infrastructure does vary, depending on origins and destinations. We also find evidence of repeated tourism around the world, the more so from high-income origins and to high-income community tourism imperativeU BlankBlank, U. 1989. The community tourism imperative. Stage College, PA Venture. 1. IntroductionTourism has been identified as a vital mechanism of sustainable development in rural indigenous areas [1,2,3,4]. Since indigenous areas have profound ethnic culture and ecological significance and sensitivity, successful tourism development must consider the perceptions of the local community in order to build a mutual relationship grounded on respect, trust, and feasibility to create local acceptance and support [2,5,6,7,8]. Increased attention is being focused on the extension from agricultural to tourism development in rural indigenous areas in order to create impacts such as economic activation, income and employment production, public infrastructure creation, culture preservation, and nature conservation [4,7,9,10]. Although tourism development has desired impacts, it can also produce undesired consequences. Depending on the case, those undesired impacts may include local culture dilution, pollution, conflicts with tourists, and damage to the natural environment [11,12,13,14,15]. Local communities are in direct contact with the changes in their community in which they both tolerate and benefit from the consequences of tourism development. The concerns that have arisen over indigenous residents’ perceptions and opinion have become a critical consideration in sustainable tourism planning and a focus of tourism impact research [2,5]. There has been a shift in attention from a focus on tourism impacts to how the impacts are perceived and chosen by the hosting community in the context of tourism development strategies [3,5,11,12,16]. Understand the attitude and perception of the local residents is fundamental for making informed decisions and selecting optimum practices in tourism development. Impacts of Tourism DevelopmentIn terms of tourism impact, as tourists interact with the local environment, economy, and community, tourism activities generate combined influences on the economic, natural, cultural, and societal status in the destination. A number of books and papers have focused on a wide range of multi-faceted characteristics related to tourism impacts and have stated that the consequences can be positive and beneficial as well as negative and undesired [11,14]. The following two sections provide literature reviews of tourism development concerning its impacts on the local economy, environment, and society. Economic and Environmental Impacts of TourismThere has been a wave of interest in the relationship of economic impacts in hosting communities. Much of the research on economic impacts has centered on the effects of income and employment since the local residents generally anticipate and seek to benefit from economic stimulations through job opportunities in tourism service or sales pertaining to food, accommodation, crafts, and activities [16,17,18,19]. Although tourism can negatively impact the economy through aspects such as inflation, public sectors often consider positive economic impacts as the main tourism impacts and therefore prefer to select tourism as the development approach instead of other industrial options, especially for rural area development. Environmental impacts have been widely investigated to contribute insights into tourism. The literature suggests that the environmental impacts of tourism principally depend on local conditions, such as locality, activity type, form of tourist infrastructure, and can be the result of the planning practices [7,8,20]. In terms of carrying capacity, some places are more fragile than others, such as rural vs. urban areas; the type of activity influences the impacts on the site [15], such as hiking by foot vs. riding all-terrain vehicles. In addition, the preparation of infrastructure and construction for tourism service substantially affects impacts [17,20,21]. Newly constructed buildings, roads, parking lots, and facilities, if not carefully planned, can impact local ecological habitats, damage original visual resources, and weaken the site’s resilience to natural disasters in extreme weather, such as soil erosion, landslides, and use overload. Environmental pollution due to increased tourism, such as traffic congestion, littering, and noise, is an important impact that affects the quality of residents’ daily lives [12,22]. From the growing body of literature on tourism impacts, although there are positive impacts on the environment, such as environmental protection and conservation, the relationship between tourism and the environment has been unequal. Tourism is conventionally considered a substantial contributor to environmental problems rather than a vehicle for environmental protection. Societal and Empowering Impacts of TourismTourism also significantly impacts societal aspects [8,16]. Research has empirically documented the links between tourism development and the changes in a group of people, their interactions, attitudes, and behavior patterns, as well as impacts on cultural aspects, which involve knowledge, values, and art [13]. These aspects and their intricate relationships have been described in the literature by both qualitative and quantitative investigations. The findings of those studies reflect the context-sensitive nature of the socio-cultural impacts of tourism [7,23]. Researchers have shown that tourism has both positive and negative socio-culture impacts. The positive impacts include the effects on the renaissance of traditional activities, arts, crafts, the revitalization of cultural social life style, as well as the stimulation of supportive resources, the preservation of traditional architectures and historical remains, and the protection of scenic landscapes [5,16,17,24,25]. The negative impacts include issues of cultural authentication, local community disturbance, and the development of adversarial relationships between locals and tourists [9,16,26]. A number of publications have indicated a renewed interest in the empowerment effects of tourism, identifying the transformation of local residents’ self-identity as one important socio-culture impact of tourism. Studies have noted that the process of identity transformation involves the interactions among tourists, local residents, and the external forces that affect the representation and conversion of local identity [8,16,25,27]. In indigenous communities, studies have found that members dynamically negotiate their identities with visitors. In these interactions, residents redefine their identity and tend to develop recognition of the uniqueness of their cultural traditions and native identity [25,27]. Residents’ participation and attitudes are the foundation for whether tourism development can be sustainably supported in the destination. A fairly large body of literature discusses both the positive and negative impacts of tourism. However, few studies have been published on community acceptance of tourism impacts [6,9,17,28]. Although tourism has been noted to influence residents’ attitudes and perception, there has been relatively little research on measurements of the perceived tourism impacts on the acceptance of indigenous hosting residents. The Discrete Choice Model DCMThe DCM describes a decision makers’ choice among alternatives and provides information about the complex aspects of a decision makers’ choice behavior. The elicited choice allows researcher to quantitatively examine the effect of each testing aspect through the developed choice experiment. This model has been used to estimate choice behavior in a wide range of research field, tourism development [29,30], transportation planning [31,32], and landscape management [19,33,34,35].The theoretical basis of DCM is characteristics demand theory [36] and random utility maximization theory [37]. Lancaster’s demand theory states that consumers derive utility not from the actual alternatives but from the characteristics or attributes of the alternatives accessible in an applicable choice set. Random utility maximization theory presumes that every individual makes a decision under rationality and maximizes the utility relative to their choice. Discrete choice models statistically model decision makers’ choices among a finite set of alternatives. The collection of alternatives is called a choice set. Alternatives must satisfy the following criteria exhaustive, mutually exclusive, and finite number of alternatives. Each alternative generates certain levels of utility to a decision maker, who is assumed to exhibit utility maximizing estimation of discrete choice models requires choice data. The source can either be the revealed preference data or stated preference data. Revealed preference data or transaction data are data matrices with the actual choices made by decision makers in real settings, such as scanned data in a supermarket or the reservation records in a restaurant. Stated preference data are the real choices made by decision makers in a hypothetical or simulated environment with choice alternatives systematically constructed by the researchers. Although the revealed preference data disclose decision makers’ actual behavior, they often suffer from insufficient information about key attributes for estimating the model. Therefore, we used stated preference data as our data source, developed an experimental design to present choice alternatives with key attributes, and measured decision levels in a controlled environment, which enabled the modeling of respondents’ decisions with greater flexibility and well-intentioned properties. Although tourism development can have both positive and negative impacts on cultural identity, the economy, and the environment in rural indigenous communities, we do not know how and to what extent people balance these impacts. Thus, research concerning how residents perceive the inseparable positive and negative tourism impacts in indigenous sites is lacking. As such, we designed an empirical study using choice modeling to provide insight into this issue. Based on the perception of indigenous communities, the purpose of this study was to investigate the aspects that influence the support for tourism development. We attempted to supplement the findings of these previous studies. This study is comparable to the earlier studies in that the focus is on tourism impacts, but differs from previous studies in the way in which the hosting indigenous communities’ perception of tourism impacts is in practice tourism has both desired and undesired impacts on the community, we wanted to contribute to the understanding of how different impacts affect indigenous residents’ support of tourism development. The study results may assist planners to recognize local perceptions when evaluating the various impacts of planning options. The objectives of this study were to examine which impacts influence local residents’ perception of tourism development and to what extent the impacts influence the indigenous residents’ perception. We used discrete choice modeling to establish experimental choice sets to elicit local residents’ choices among alternatives that combine the impacts derived from the literature and match the site conditions, including the impacts of local and regional economic benefits, pollution affecting quality of lives, tourist conflicts, natural environment damage, cultural architecture and landscape promotion, and cultural self-identity. 2. Methods The purpose of this study was to provide empirical indications as to which tourism impacts are important to the local community, and to what extent the effective impacts influence the local indigenous residents’ attitudes. We designed a discrete choice experiment to collect data, to provide quantitative estimates of the influence of tourism impacts. Study SiteThe study site is located at Laiyi Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan Figure 1. Laiyi Township is a geographically mountainous and culturally indigenous area with an area of nearly km2. Its indigenous population is of the total population of 7428 [38]. This area is the native territory of the Paiwan Tribe and many Paiwan traditional customs and religious rituals are still performed in this area. Along with the scenic forests, streams, waterfalls, and native totems, Laiyi attracts visitors due to its natural and cultural resources supporting tourism and outdoor recreation activities. The Laiyi area is geographically mountainous with interspersed settlements patterned in the area, but is conveniently located to the immediate tourism markets the well-populated Pingtung and Kaohsiung cities are approximately 50 km and 100 km away. Currently, the site tourism development has been under discussions between the local communities and several administrations in different levels, including the township, county, and federal levels, to evaluate the suitable development strategies and practical aids in site planning for the practices in the Laiyi area. The Discrete Choice ModelWe used the Discrete Choice Model DCM method in this study. The following explains the DCM estimation model in this study. In this study, a decision maker n faces competing J alternatives. The decision maker obtains a certain level of utility vnj from alternative j, where j = 1 , … , J . The decision maker chooses the alternative that provides the greatest utility among the alternatives. The model of choice behavior for the decision maker is therefore defined as alternative i is chosen by the decision maker only if v n i > v n j ∀ j ≠ i .However, a certain level of utility v n i is not observable to us. The observable utility to the researchers is denoted as U n j = v n j + ε n j , n = 1 , … , N and j = 1 , … , 1 where n is an index for the individual decision maker, j is an index for the alternatives in a choice set, v n j is the non-stochastic utility component, and ε n j is the error term capturing the stochastic components. The non-stochastic utility component v n j is assumed to be a linear function in the parameters denoted as where x n j is a vector of attributes of alternative j and β is the coefficient for the utility function. The observable utility U n i can be expressed as U n j = x n j ′ β + ε n j 3 Given that the decision maker chooses the alternative that generates the maximum utility and y n j is the response vector for the n th decision maker, the response from the n th decision maker can be denoted as y n j = { 1 , i f U n j ≥ max U n 0 , otherwise 4 where y n j is 1 if U n j takes the maximum value among the j th component of U n = U n 1 , … , U n J , and y n j is 0 the probability for the decision maker n choosing alternative j is denoted as follow [37] P y n j = 1 = Pr U n j > U n k for all k ≠ j = Pr v n j + ε n j > v n k + ε n k for all k ≠ j = Pr ε n k − ε n j or Table 3. The mixed logit regression results. Table 3. The mixed logit regression results. ImpactEstimateSEz-ValuePr >z1Pollution affecting quality of **2Conflicts with tourists– environment disturbance– *4Cultural architecture and landscape ***5Cultural self-identity ***6Employment **7Tourists local ** Table 4. The odds ratio OR of impacts of tourism. Table 4. The odds ratio OR of impacts of tourism. ImpactORPercent1Pollution affecting quality of with environment architecture and landscape self-identity local © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY license EngineeringCivil EngineeringCivil Engineering questions and answersSolve the following questions according to the passage Holidays with a difference Tribal tourism is becoming more popular. But at what cost to the locals? Tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism. It involves travellers going to remote destinations, staying with local people and learning about their culture and way of life. They stay in localThis problem has been solved!You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core AnswerQuestion Solve the following questions according to the passage Holidays with a difference Tribal tourism is becoming more popular. But at what cost to the locals? Tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism. It involves travellers going to remote destinations, staying with local people and learning about their culture and way of life. They stay in localSolve the following questions according to the passage Holidays with a difference Tribal tourism is becoming more popular. But at what cost to the locals? Tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism. It involves travellers going to remote destinations, staying with local people and learning about their culture and way of life. They stay in local accommodation, share facilities with local people, and join in with meals and celebrations. At the moment, less than one percent of holidays are tribal tourism holidays, but this is set to change. Tribal tourism is often compared with foreign exchange visits. However, a foreign exchange involves staying with people who often share the same values. Tribal tourism takes visitors to places where the lifestyle is very different from that in their home location. Those who have been on a tribal holiday explain that experiencing this lifestyle is the main attraction. They say that it offers them the chance to live in a way they never have before. Not everyone is convinced that tribal tourism is a good thing, and opinions are divided. The argument is about whether or not it helps the local population, or whether it exploits them. The main problem is that, because tribal tourism is relatively new, the long-term effects on local populations have not been studied in much detail. Where studies have been carried out, the effects have been found to be negative. Travel writer Ian Coleman recalls a recent trip to Guatemala, where he saw an example of this. “There is a village with a statue of a man called Maximon, who has a special spiritual meaning for the local tribe,” he explains. “The statue is kept indoors, and once a year the locals bring him out and carry him around the village. However, visitors now pay money for them to bring the statue out and carry it around, while they take photographs. As a result, Maximon has lost his original meaning, and is now just another tourist attraction”. So, is it possible to experience an interesting culture without harming it in some way? “With a bit of thought, we can maximise the positive impacts and minimise the negative,” says travel company director Hilary Waterhouse. “Remember that you are there not only to experience a different culture, but to help it in some way. Tourists bring money to the community, which the community can invest in local projects. However, this does not mean you can act the way you might do back home. The most important thing is to show respect, learn about, and be aware of, local customs and traditions. Always remember you're a guest.” Dawn Baker, manager of travel company Footprints, runs tours to tribal areas in Peru. “Good companies specialising in tribal tours are very careful about who they allow on their tours,” she says. “They won't take anyone they feel is unsuitable” Baker offers reading recommendations so that visitors can read about the country and its cultures. “The rewards of a trip to this country are priceless, and the more you know in advance, the more priceless they are.” Tribal tourism travellers are often surprised at how basic their facilities are when they get there. 'It's not for everyone, but for me was all part of the experience,' says Jamie White, who has recently returned from a trip to Borneo. 'We stayed in the same huts that everyone was living in, with no running water and no electricity. It was basic, but it was an ethical way to travel. Being comfortable means you use more local resources and so have more of an environmental impact'. Q1. According to the passage, people are interested in tribal tourism because it ___________________. Select one a. is very cheap compared to other types of tourism. b. enables people discover and explore new places and lives. c. involves living and staying with people who are of the same cultural values. d. helps people understand their own culture much better. .... Q2. Which service of the following does Footprints provide to its clients ? Select one a. providing visitors with services such as water and electricity. b. providing visitors with luxury places to stay in. c. making visitors aware of the areas they plan to visit. d. providing inexpensive trips and visits to tribal areas worldwide. ....... Q3. Who said this statement? Tribal tourism can have benefits for local people. Select one a. Dawn Baker b. Jamie White c. Hillary Waterhouse d. Ian Coleman ..... Q4. The word 'ethical' in the last paragraph means _________________________. Select one a. morally right b. morally unacceptable c. biased d. comfortable ..... Q5. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of tribal tourism is that _____________________________________ Select one a. it has more negative than positive effects. b. it harms the lifestyle of local and foreign people. c. it helps locals earn a living in an easy way. d. it does not allow people see all tourist attractions. ..... Q6. Everyone believes that tribal tourism brings more positive impacts to the local population. Select one True False ..... to Jamie White, travellers may need to change the way they behave. Select one True False ... Q8. According to Hilary Waterhouse, travellers can behave the same way as they do in their own countries. Select one True False ... Q9. According to Dawn Baker, learning about the place before you go there makes your trip much more satisfying Select one True False .... Q10. Ian Coleman recently visited Borneo. Select one True False Top Definitions Quiz Related Content Examples British This shows grade level based on the word's complexity.[ trahy-buhl ]/ ˈtraɪ bəl /This shows grade level based on the word's relating to, or characteristic of a tribe tribal customs in Indonesia. designating, characterized by, or relating to a strong sense of loyalty to one’s own tribe, party, or group Tribal politics can be divisive and OR THINGUMMY CAN YOU DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE US AND UK TERMS IN THIS QUIZ?Do you know the difference between everyday US and UK terminology? Test yourself with this quiz on words that differ across the the UK, COTTON CANDY is more commonly known as…Origin of tribalFirst recorded in 1625–35; tribe + -al1OTHER WORDS FROM tribaltribally, adverbnontribal, adjectivequasi-tribal, adjectivesubtribal, adjectiveWords nearby tribaltriazoic, triazole, trib., tribade, tribadism, tribal, tribalism, tri-band, tribasic, tribe, Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023Words related to tribalfamilial, indigenous, national, traditional, genetic, native, affiliated, congenital, consanguine, consanguineous, genealogical, inborn, inbred, inherited, innate, lineal, maternal, old, past, paternalHow to use tribal in a sentenceFor select residents of certain tribes and for specific tribal governments, reservation casinos provide perhaps the only example of gambling revenue actually meeting expectations as a tool of economic it’s not clear whether the president-elect would save Oak Flat if the process were delayed until he takes office, he has promised to work more closely with tribal case, one of the largest battles between tribal governments and the United States in decades, will be reviewed by the Supreme Court this those 150,000 locations, Frontier will have to consult with the CWA, TURN, Cal Advocates, and tribal government leaders "to discuss the potential areas for deployment, including tribal lands and tribal communities," the settlement said.“It could be somewhat random, but looking at those particular states, it could also reflect attention paid to tribal populations,” said Kate Miller, a senior scientist at Ariadne Labs.“He was a brave field commander and an expert in intelligence, and in organizing popular and tribal forces,” said the tribal areas, such legitimacy cannot be gained while Assad in also noted that there are some tribal elections on the same drones bombing the tribal area, angering many, are run by the worked closely with those tribal leaders during the counterinsurgency in Iraq in 2007 and tribal ward headmanʼs district deputies together constitute the police force of the whole ward headmen and their district deputies are not required to give district headman is the deputy of the tribal ward headman to whom he is immediately any time, on certain conditions, a member of a tribal ward can apply for full citizenship in a is to be no sovereign power, great or small, other than American, and tribal wards are to supersede Dictionary definitions for tribaladjectiveof or denoting a tribe or tribestribal chiefs in northern Yemendisplaying loyalty to a tribe, group, or tribal valuesthe tribal loyalties of Labour MPsDerived forms of tribaltribally, adverbCollins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

tribal tourism is a relatively new type of tourism